A MAQASID AL-SHARIAH-BASED ALGORITHMIC AUDITING MODEL: ETHICAL FORMULATION AND HERMENEUTIC VERIFICATION IN GENERATIVE AI DA'WAH CONTENT ENGINES IN INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20414/js.v8i2.157Kata Kunci:
Algorithmic Auditing, Generative AI, Maqasid al-Shariah, Digital Da'wah, Islamic Communication Ethics, TabayyunAbstrak
The rapid integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into digital da'wah content engines, including AI-animated short videos and automated religious-consultation chatbots, has changed how Islamic communication circulates in Indonesia, introducing risks such as contextual reductionism, hallucinated citations, and a weakening of the traditional scholarly chain (sanad). Existing scholarship has mostly described institutional adoption, such as Nahdlatul Ulama's Kitab AI and Muhammadiyah's Chat HPT, without proposing a testable, shariah-grounded auditing procedure for the GenAI systems that now sit between a text and its audience. This study addresses that gap by formulating a Maqasid al-Shariah-Based Algorithmic Auditing Model (MAAM) through qualitative document analysis and cyber-hermeneutic reading of publicly available GenAI da'wah content, institutional AI policy documents, and the wider Indonesian and international scholarship on Islamic AI ethics. The audit matrix is anchored in Hifz ad-Din (preservation of religion) and Hifz al-'Aql (preservation of intellect), operationalised through the Qur'anic principles of tabayyun (verification) and qaulan sadidan (accurate speech). The analysis shows current GenAI da'wah engines are optimised for engagement rather than context, producing source stripping, flattened ikhtilaf (interpretive plurality), and occasional fabricated attribution. The proposed model responds with a tri-tier workflow: pre-prompt source authentication, in-pipeline hermeneutic constraints in the system prompt, and post-output human clearance by a certified da'i or editorial board, paired with an institutional certification mechanism. The contribution is conceptual: MAAM is a proposed model, illustrated with a single worked application, whose evidentiary base is documentary and literature-grounded, and whose inter-rater reliability on real content pipelines awaits empirical validation.
Referensi
Adeni. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) as a source of Islamic information: Examining the response of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Islam, Media and Communication (ICIMAC).
Ahmad, M. A. (2026). Islamic chatbots in the age of large language models. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.06092
Ahmmad, M., Shahzad, K., Iqbal, A., & Latif, M. (2025). Trap of social media algorithms: A systematic review of research on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and their impact on youth. Societies, 15(11), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15110301
Aritonang, I., Barus, L. N. U. Br., & Rubino. (2026). Da'wah in the era of artificial intelligence: An ethical analysis of Islamic communication on the use of AI in the production of religious messages. Ath-Thariq: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.32332/7tnc9m72
Ashraf, C. (2022). Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(5), 757–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.1968376
Baker, R. S., & Hawn, A. (2022). Algorithmic bias in education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(4), 1052–1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00285-9
Barlow, J., & Holt, L. (2024). Attention (to virtuosity) is all you need: Religious studies pedagogy and generative AI. Religions, 15(9), 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091059
Birkstedt, T., Minkkinen, M., Tandon, A., & Mäntymäki, M. (2023). AI governance: Themes, knowledge gaps and future agendas. Internet Research, 33(7), 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042
Campbell, H. (2017). Religious communication and technology. Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(3–4), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200
Chaudhary, G. (2024). Unveiling the black box: Bringing algorithmic transparency to AI. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 18(1), 93–122. https://doi.org/10.5817/MUJLT2024-1-4
Cheong, B. C. (2024). Transparency and accountability in AI systems: Safeguarding wellbeing in the age of algorithmic decision-making. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 6, Article 1421273. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2024.1421273
Elmahjub, E. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) in Islamic ethics: Towards pluralist ethical benchmarking for AI. Philosophy & Technology, 36, Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00668-x
Farid, A. M., Pratama, F. A., & Sulistyowati, D. (2025). Maqashid Sharia analysis on personal data protection from the dangers of artificial intelligence misuse. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 6(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.23917/sosial.v6i2.12636
Fellah, S., Bedarnia, M., & M'ziou, O. (2026). Artificial intelligence ethics in Islamic society: Towards an integrative approach between Maqasid al-Shariah and international standards for AI governance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Business Administration (ICAIABA 2026) (pp. 27–35). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-711-8_4
Fepriani, J., & Ratnasari, D. (2026). Algorithmic ethics and Qur'anic tabayyun: Knowledge authority and AI bias in the digital age. QiST: Journal of Quran and Tafseer Studies, 5(1), 345–368. https://doi.org/10.23917/qist.v5i1.16001
Habib, Z. (2025). Ethics of artificial intelligence in Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa's perspective. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 33(1), 105–134. https://ejournal.uinmadura.ac.id/index.php/karsa/article/view/19617
Hasibuan, S. A., Sazali, H., Hamandia, M. R., & Jannati, Z. (2026a). Institutionalization of algorithmic tabayyun: Integration of Maqashid Sharia as the philosophical foundation for regulation of transnational media platforms. Jurnal Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa, 7(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.47134/villages.v7i2.520
Hasibuan, S. A., Sazali, H., Hamandia, M. R., & Jannati, Z. (2026b). Algorithmic authority and the commodification of religion: A literature review of the shifting Islamic broadcasting ecosystem in the artificial intelligence (AI) era. Jurnal Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa, 7(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.47134/villages.v7i2.523
Hidayat, Y. F., & Nuri, N. (2024). Transformation of da'wah methods in the social media era: A literature review on the digital da'wah approach. IJoIS: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Studies, 4(2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.59525/ijois.v4i2.493
Hulawa, D. E., & Kasmiati, K. (2025). Qaulan Sadida as a Qur'anic framework for revitalizing character building in the digital era. Fitrah: Journal of Islamic Education, 6(2), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.53802/fitrah.v6i2.1144
Maiga, M. H. (2025). Achieving Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah through artificial intelligence: Mechanisms of facilitation, control, and quality assurance. Mazahibuna: Jurnal Perbandingan Mazhab, 54–70. https://doi.org/10.24252/mazahibuna.vi.55038
Malik, F. A., & Hanapi, M. S. (2026). AI content fabrication and deception: An Islamic ethical and societal analysis. Planning Malaysia, 24(42). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v24i42.2041
Marwantika, A. I., Ajhuri, K. F., & Dauda, K. O. (2025). Integrating generative AI in journalism education through Islamic communication ethics. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, 10(2), 221–256. https://doi.org/10.22515/albalagh.v10i2.12482
Meerangani, K. A., Nor, M. R. M., Hamid, M. F. A., Yusof, M. A. M., & Ariffin, M. F. M. (2025). Digital tabayyun: Integrating the Quran and artificial intelligence in filtering social media information. QURANICA: International Journal of Quranic Research, 17(2), 370–389. https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/quranica/article/view/64985
Milli, S., Carroll, M., Wang, Y., Pandey, S., Zhao, S., & Dragan, A. D. (2025). Engagement, user satisfaction, and the amplification of divisive content on social media. PNAS Nexus, 4(3), Article pgaf062. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf062
Mohadi, M., & Tarshany, Y. (2023). Maqasid Al-Shari'ah and the ethics of artificial intelligence: Contemporary challenges. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 2(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v2i2.107
Mökander, J. (2023). Auditing of AI: Legal, ethical and technical approaches. Digital Society, 2, Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00074-y
Morgan, H. (2022). Conducting a qualitative document analysis. The Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5044
Nada-Qisthina, D. S., & Musyafak, N. (2025). Tradition meets technology: The role of artificial intelligence in Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah's digital adaptation. Islamic Communication Journal, 10(2), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2025.10.2.30339
Nasution, I., Sazali, H., Hamandia, M. R., & Jannati, Z. (2026). Regulating the algorithmic panopticon: A critical library research on Islamic communication policy and digital media ethics in the era of hyperconnectivity. Jurnal Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa, 7(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.47134/villages.v7i2.518
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.
Nuriana, Z. I., & Salwa, N. (2024). Digital da'wah in the age of algorithm: A narrative review of communication, moderation, and inclusion. Sinergi International Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(4), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijis.v2i4.706
O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Broadway Books.
Park, S., & Nan, X. (2026). Generative AI and misinformation: A scoping review of the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation. AI & Society, 41, 1501–1515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02620-3
Piasecki, S., Morosoli, S., Helberger, N., & Naudts, L. (2024). AI-generated journalism: Do the transparency provisions in the AI Act give news readers what they hope for? Internet Policy Review, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2024.4.1810
Pierson, J., Kerr, A., Robinson, S. C., Fanni, R., Steinkogler, V. E., Milan, S., & Zampedri, G. (2023). Governing artificial intelligence in the media and communications sector. Internet Policy Review, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1683
Rachman, A., Saumantri, T., & Hidayatulloh, T. (2025). Transformation of religious authority in the digital era: A post-normal times analysis by Ziauddin Sardar on the phenomenon of social media da'wah. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 45(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v45.1.25644
Riza, M. (2021). Information literacy as an implementation of tabayun concept in Islam. Tik Ilmeu: Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.29240/tik.v5i2.2866
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.
Sahebi, S., & Formosa, P. (2025). The AI-mediated communication dilemma: Epistemic trust, social media, and the challenge of generative artificial intelligence. Synthese, 205(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-04963-2
Semnani, S. J., Yao, V. Z., Zhang, H. C., & Lam, M. S. (2023). WikiChat: Stopping the hallucination of large language model chatbots by few-shot grounding on Wikipedia. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.14292
Shalhoob, H. (2025). The role of AI in enhancing shariah compliance: Efficiency and transparency in Islamic finance. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 9(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd11239
Tarwiyyah, H. L. (2025). Artificial intelligence and bias in religious authority. Jurnal Informasi dan Teknologi, 7(2), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.60083/jidt.vi0.626
Thoriquttyas, T., & Rohmawati, N. (2026). Maqasid al-Sharia and the digital data ownership: From al-Shatibi to Jasser Auda. Journal of Islamic Law on Digital Economy and Business, 1(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.20885/JILDEB.vol1.iss2.art5
Ullah, M. A., Haque, M. S., & Islam, M. M. (2026). Artificial intelligence in Islamic communication: An ethical concern. Journal of Islamic Communication and Counseling, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/jicc.v5i1.118
Abdulsalam, D. O., & Abdulrasheed, A. (2026). Digital distortion of religious preaching: An analysis of abuse of da'wah activities on social media. Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.23917/suhuf.v38i1.14129
Firdaus, M. A., Syihabuddin, M., & Fuady, Z. (2025). Islam and artificial intelligence: Perspectives from traditionalist and modernist Muslim communities in Indonesia. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v49i1.1333
Abana, A. (2025). Leveraging social media as avenues for da'wah among Muslim youths in Nigeria. Islamic Communication Journal, 10(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2025.10.1.26054
Faradillah, N. S., Latifah, A., Riskiyah, S., Dzakiyah, R., & Aziz, M. A. (2026). The diffusion of AI-driven digital da'wah innovation in communication media: A perspective of Q.S. Al-Mulk 23 and audio-visual cognitive analysis on Instagram @Ace_Timetraveller. Afkaruna: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 4(1), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.38073/aijis.v4i1.4691
Hasanah, U. (2021). Rhetoric in Islamic tradition: Paradigm and its development. Komunika: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, 15(2), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v15i2.4570
Al-Farmawi, A. H. (1994). Al-Bidayah fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdu'i [The starting point in thematic exegesis]. Al-Hadarah al-Islamiyah.
Dhofier, Z. (1999). The pesantren tradition: The role of the kyai in the maintenance of traditional Islam in Java (Trans.). Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2019). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). Sage.
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., Küttler, H., Lewis, M., Yih, W., Rocktäschel, T., Riedel, S., & Kiela, D. (2020). Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 9459–9474. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.11401
Hagendorff, T. (2020). The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Sophist: Jurnal Sosial Politik Kajian Islam dan Tafsir
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
